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In recent years, the various usage of fuel cells in vehicles has absorbed attention in industry and academic area. The fuel cells, are considered as a modern power sources in transportation. Hybridization of the fuel cell system with a secondary peaking power source is an effective approach to overcome the disadvantages of the fuel-cell-alone-powered vehicles. Two of the possible combinations is fuel cell/ battery and Fuel cell/ battery/ ultra-capacitor composition. Typically, one energy source is storage like battery and ultra-capacitor, and the other is conversion of a fuel to energy like fuel cell. Obviously, the performance of the drive train relies mainly on control quality. This work presents an enhanced method for distributing power demand through the hybrid power sources. Fuzzy logic control is considered for this purpose. Genetic algorithm has implemented for tuning this strategy by means of off-line simulation in two combined driving cycle and evaluation in 4 separated driving cycles. Multiple objective fitness function deals with effective parameters for getting reliable and acceptable results from optimization process. Finally, this optimized strategy present a fully-advanced method for energy management system of fuel cell hybrid vehicles.

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Nowadays, internal combustion vehicles are the main reason of air pollution in urban areas. Reducing the emissions, energy optimization, and fuel economy are the main goals of vehicle manufacturers. Design and development of clean vehicle including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are the mid and long term strategies to capture the above goals. Unfortunately, these technology in spite of development the clean vehicles in advanced countries, are not the objectives in our country. This paper in order to develop of hybrid electric vehicle technology and using the available resources in Iran, proposes the design and manufacturing steps of the first HEV based on Pride platform. Hybrid Prides that is named Shaheb2 has been manufactured by a joint group student of electrical and mechanical engineering at University of Kashan and prepared for third national competition for manufacturing of hybrid vehicles. Due to some cost and time limitations, Trough-To-Road (TTR) or separated-axle parallel hybrid electric vehicle topology has been chosen. Internal combustion engine of Shaheb2 is 1300CC engine of Pride vehicle that as well as mechanical transmission components such as gearbox, differential are implemented on the front axle. Electric propulsion including electric motor (EM) and drive, energy storage system are located on the rear axle. Employed EM is a 22 kW PMSM that is controlled via field oriented scheme based on space vector modulation inverter and works in two modes torque control and speed control. To store of electrical energy, a set of Li-Ion-Polymer batteries with 192 dc volt has been used. To have an optimum performance for the vehicle, Hybrid Control Unit (HCU) has been developed in which the vehicle can work in different modes only motor, only engine, hybrid and regenerative braking. Employed control method in HCU is based on On/Off strategy that has been implemented by using AVR microcontroller. Due to extra weight of electric propulsion system and so the change of center of mass and total weight of the vehicle, and to increase the stability of the vehicle, the vehicle’s chassis has been enforced and the results have been confirmed via finite element analysis in ANSYS. Suspension system and other auxiliary systems of the vehicle have been recalculated and verified. Aerodynamic performance of the vehicle’s body has been analyzed in Gambit and Fluent and some changes have been made on the body.

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In recent years, environmental concerns are the greatest challenge in vehicle design. Electric vehicles seem to be a suitable solution to this problem. Therefore, numerous measures have been taken to increase the efficiency, reduce losses, and improve the performance of these vehicles. Aerodynamic characteristics improvement is a key issue that should be considered in vehicle design. In this paper, the effects of improving the aerodynamic characteristics on the electric vehicles are analyzed. For this purpose, installing movable rear spoiler along with a controller and covering the rear wheels have been proposed. In order to evaluate the proposed solutions, their effects on an electric vehicle prototype that has been constructed and developed by the authors have been modeled in MATLAB SIMULINK environment. The flow around the electric vehicle has been studied in ANSYS in order to calculate the drag and lift coefficients. The flow has been numerically solved using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The standard k-ε turbulence model has been utilized in this study. The results show that improvement of aerodynamic characteristics in electric vehicles not only increases the stability of the vehicle, but also has a significant impact on the energy storage system, mileage, and the electric motor efficiency.

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Due to the increasing demand for electric vehicles and the required charging stations, the stress on the future distribution systems would increase. Proper location and capacity of these charge stations are critical factors that are to be determined based on detailed analysis of the distribution in order to avoid overloads, increased real power losses,excessive voltage drops, and damage to the infrastructure of the system. In this paper we propose a proper allocation methodology for charging stations in the distribution system in which network constraints and the operational standards are observed. This method develops a priority list of appropriate locations and the capacity of these stations based on allowable losses and voltage dropswhich are determined by the system operator. The proposed method is implemented in Matlab and is tested on two standard distribution systems including 33-bus and 136-bus networks. Numerical results presented and discussed to show the efficacy of the method.

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In many studies related to electric vehicle charging, the charging station rate is either assumed to be a constant or a continuous value. While the mechanism of charging stations is not like this. The most common methods of charging lithium-ion batteries are the constant voltage-constant current, multi-stage, pulse or adaptive method. As far as the researchers of this article are concerned, little research has been done on the coordinated charging of electric vehicles, considering the technical details of the battery charging method and the nonlinear behavior of the vehicle battery at charge levels and charge rates. Although this idealistic view simplifies synchronized charge optimization, in practice it leads to increased internal battery losses, reduced battery life, damage to the charger, and a large discrepancy between simulation results and practical implementation. With the increasing penetration of electric vehicles, the need for practical charging methods has increased. In this paper, first, the adaptive current charging method of a lithium-ion battery is modeled, in which the charge current is changed inversely to the battery internal resistance in each state of charge interval to obtain the lowest battery losses. This model is then used for coordinated charging of electric vehicles, taking into account the interests of customers (reducing total charging costs) and the distribution network operation company (peak-shaving) in a real 37-bus network. The results show the efficiency of the proposed model in internal losses minimization of vehicle batteries, the total charging cost reduction and peak shaving of the network.